5. When the reciprocating handle is replaced with a rotating cam, the pump can receive simple rotational input power from a conventional prime mover.The most important feature of the pump in Figure 5 is that it can be driven by a rotating machine. Another key point is that more than two pumping pistons can be incorporated, up to the number permitted by the physical size limitations and the strength required of the machine and its structural parts.
In the configuration shown, the multiplicity of pistons would be arranged radially, with the one cam providing the rotary-to-reciprocating motion conversion. Multi-piston pumps usually have an odd number of pistons, because it’s been demonstrated that it will produce the lowest outlet pressure ripple and, thus, the lowest noise. Although the example pumps have pistons arranged radially outward, the majority of commercial pump configurations arrange the multiple pistons axially, making for a smaller-diameter machine.
Check-ball Pumps
Another variation is to use a cam with more than one lobe, so that there will be two pumping cycles per shaft rotation, doubling the output flow in a given package size. In commercial configurations, the inlet check valves are often embedded within the pumping pistons, making a more-compact machine. They are referred to as check-ball or check-valve pumps.
An important limitation of the check-ball pump is that it cannot operate as a motor. To understand this reality, imagine that the rotational shaft is free from any constraints, and then one pushes downward with great force on the output piston rod. That force—no matter how great—cannot be brought to bear on the pumping pistons because of the check valves (CV3 and CV4). Therefore, it precludes any hope of pressure at the output port resulting in shaft rotation. In this case, there’s no direct analogous kind of electrical motor.
The next part of this series will reveal that certain pump designs will function very well as motors, and motors that will run well as pumps. In fact, in many applications, pumps and motors constantly switch from pumping to motoring and vice versa upon the occurrence of accelerations and decelerations. The conventional piston pump that uses a port plate as the ac-dc commutation function is a machine that can both pump and motor.
